diff --git a/src/mock_vws/_mock_common.py b/src/mock_vws/_mock_common.py
index 15c3776ae..2c975d86a 100644
--- a/src/mock_vws/_mock_common.py
+++ b/src/mock_vws/_mock_common.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 
 
 @beartype
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class RequestData:
     """A library-agnostic representation of an HTTP request.
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class RequestData:
 
 
 @beartype
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class Route:
     """A representation of a VWS route.
 
diff --git a/src/mock_vws/_services_validators/key_validators.py b/src/mock_vws/_services_validators/key_validators.py
index 379daaddd..708d3b09d 100644
--- a/src/mock_vws/_services_validators/key_validators.py
+++ b/src/mock_vws/_services_validators/key_validators.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 
 @beartype
-@dataclass
+@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class _Route:
     """A representation of a VWS route.
 
diff --git a/src/mock_vws/database.py b/src/mock_vws/database.py
index 7b27c238a..0d1d46fb1 100644
--- a/src/mock_vws/database.py
+++ b/src/mock_vws/database.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def _random_hex() -> str:
 
 
 @beartype
-@dataclass(eq=True, frozen=True)
+@dataclass(eq=True, frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class CloudDatabase:
     """Credentials for VWS APIs.
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ def processing_targets(self) -> set[ImageTarget]:
 
 
 @beartype
-@dataclass(eq=True, frozen=True)
+@dataclass(eq=True, frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class VuMarkDatabase:
     """Credentials for the VuMark generation API.
 
diff --git a/src/mock_vws/target.py b/src/mock_vws/target.py
index 0c567a799..557c0d2be 100644
--- a/src/mock_vws/target.py
+++ b/src/mock_vws/target.py
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def _time_now() -> datetime.datetime:
 
 
 @beartype(conf=BeartypeConf(is_pep484_tower=True))
-@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True, kw_only=True)
 class ImageTarget:
     """A Vuforia image target as managed in
     https://developer.vuforia.com/target-manager.
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ def to_dict(self) -> ImageTargetDict:
 
 
 @beartype(conf=BeartypeConf(is_pep484_tower=True))
-@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True, kw_only=True)
 class VuMarkTarget:
     """
     A VuMark target as managed in
diff --git a/tests/mock_vws/fixtures/credentials.py b/tests/mock_vws/fixtures/credentials.py
index a9fb73451..ba357b30d 100644
--- a/tests/mock_vws/fixtures/credentials.py
+++ b/tests/mock_vws/fixtures/credentials.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class _VuMarkCloudDatabaseSettings(BaseSettings):
     )
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class InactiveVuMarkCloudDatabase:
     """Credentials for an inactive VuMark database."""
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class InactiveVuMarkCloudDatabase:
     server_secret_key: str = field(repr=False)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class VuMarkCloudDatabase:
     """Credentials for the VuMark generation API."""
 
diff --git a/tests/mock_vws/utils/__init__.py b/tests/mock_vws/utils/__init__.py
index 08764a520..5f48d0664 100644
--- a/tests/mock_vws/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/mock_vws/utils/__init__.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 from mock_vws._constants import ResultCodes
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class Endpoint:
     """Details of endpoints to be called in tests.